Temporary lactose intolerance can occur, as well. The frequency of urges to defecate, the large volume of liquid feces ejected, and the presence of blood, mucus, or pus depends on the pathogen causing the disease. Symptoms normally present themselves after 1–3 days, and are usually no longer present after a week. The most common form of dysentery is bacillary dysentery, which is typically a mild sickness, causing symptoms normally consisting of mild gut pains and frequent passage of stool or diarrhea. Dysentery has been described at least since the time of Hippocrates. It commonly occurs in less developed areas of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia. Entamoeba histolytica affects millions of people and results in greater than 55,000 deaths a year. In areas with poor sanitation nearly half of cases of diarrhea are due to Entamoeba histolytica. Shigella results in about 165 million cases of diarrhea and 1.1 million deaths a year with nearly all cases in the developing world. While medications used to decrease diarrhea such as loperamide are not recommended on their own, they may be used together with antibiotics. Antibiotics such as azithromycin may be used to treat cases associated with travelling in the developing world. While the condition generally resolves on its own within a week, drinking sufficient fluids such as oral rehydration solution is important. Įfforts to prevent dysentery include hand washing and food safety measures while traveling in areas of high risk. The underlying mechanism involves inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon. Risk factors include contamination of food and water with feces due to poor sanitation. Other causes may include certain chemicals, other bacteria, other protozoa, or parasitic worms. The cause of dysentery is usually the bacteria from genus Shigella, in which case it is known as shigellosis, or the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica then it is called amoebiasis. Other symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and a feeling of incomplete defecation. Occurs often in many parts of the world ĭysentery ( / ˈ d ɪ s ə n t r i/) is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea. Usually Shigella or Entamoeba histolytica Ĭontamination of food and water with feces due to poor sanitation ĭrinking sufficient fluids, antibiotics (severe cases) Reprint & Copyright © 2017 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.A person with dysentery in a Burmese POW camp, 1943īloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever Because of regional differences in the predominance of pathogens and resistance levels, choice of antibiotic should take travel destination into consideration. Use of loperamide in combination with antibiotic treatment is also beneficial as it has been shown to further reduce gastrointestinal symptoms and duration of illness. Another alternate for acute watery diarrhea is rifaximin (200 mg 3 times per day for 3 days) however, it should not be used with invasive illness. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are also options for acute watery diarrhea (single dose 500 mg and 750 mg, respectively) and febrile diarrhea/dysentery in areas with high rates of Shigella (500 mg once for 3 days ), but are becoming less effective because of increasing fluoroquinolone resistance, particularly among Campylobacter spp. Presently, azithromycin is the preferred first-line antibiotic for the treatment of acute watery diarrhea (single dose 500 mg), as well as for febrile diarrhea and dysentery (single dose 1,000 mg). Travelers' diarrhea is self-limiting and generally resolves within 5 days however, antibiotic treatment significantly reduces symptom severity and duration of illness. Diarrheal disease affects a large proportion of military personnel deployed to developing countries, resulting in decreased job performance and operational readiness.
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